One circumstance in which Flash photography is important is when you take a picture Indoor and you can see Outdoors through a window. If you don't use flash, and use automatic settings, you can notice a problematic effect: either the indoor is too dark or the outside is too bright.
Of course you can take an HDR (high dynamic range) image that allows you to view both the outside and an inside, as us humans can see but... that is not always a realistic choice since it requires more than one shot and some preparation.
The easy solution is to turn on your flash and illuminate what's in the room to match the brightness of the outside world.
Now you have to notice one thing, if it's sunshine bright outside, your flash is probably not strong enough to compensate for day light, but this could work during not so shiny evenings.
Anyways, I took an interesting shot a few years ago of a glowing LED of a Christmas tree on a Window, and here's how it looks with and without flash.
Settings are:
With flash: focal length: 50 mm aperture: f/ 9.0 shutter speed: 1/200 s ISO 400
without flash: focal length: 55 mm aperture: f/ 7.1 shutter speed: 1/100 s ISO 100
I had my camera (Canon T1i) on P, which is Program mode. Which is pretty much automatic.
HOWEVER, what made the image have the right exposure was the Metering mode. It was set on Spot metering. And the middle (the spot) was on the LED. the LED was my reference point for the exposure which allowed the outside exposure to be quite similar in both images.
Anyways, i find it's an interesting comparison here are the images:
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